dlalsd.f

Go to the documentation of this file.

*> \brief \b DLALSD uses the singular value decomposition of A to solve the least squares problem.
*
*  =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========
*
* Online html documentation available at
*            http://www.netlib.org/lapack/explore-html/
*
*> Download DLALSD + dependencies
*> <a href="http://www.netlib.org/cgi-bin/netlibfiles.tgz?format=tgz&filename=/lapack/lapack_routine/dlalsd.f">
*> [TGZ]</a>
*> <a href="http://www.netlib.org/cgi-bin/netlibfiles.zip?format=zip&filename=/lapack/lapack_routine/dlalsd.f">
*> [ZIP]</a>
*> <a href="http://www.netlib.org/cgi-bin/netlibfiles.txt?format=txt&filename=/lapack/lapack_routine/dlalsd.f">
*> [TXT]</a>
*
*  Definition:
*  ===========
*
*       SUBROUTINE DLALSD( UPLO, SMLSIZ, N, NRHS, D, E, B, LDB, RCOND,
*                          RANK, WORK, IWORK, INFO )
*
*       .. Scalar Arguments ..
*       CHARACTER          UPLO
*       INTEGER            INFO, LDB, N, NRHS, RANK, SMLSIZ
*       DOUBLE PRECISION   RCOND
*       ..
*       .. Array Arguments ..
*       INTEGER            IWORK( * )
*       DOUBLE PRECISION   B( LDB, * ), D( * ), E( * ), WORK( * )
*       ..
*
*
*> \par Purpose:
*  =============
*>
*> \verbatim
*>
*> DLALSD uses the singular value decomposition of A to solve the least
*> squares problem of finding X to minimize the Euclidean norm of each
*> column of A*X-B, where A is N-by-N upper bidiagonal, and X and B
*> are N-by-NRHS. The solution X overwrites B.
*>
*> The singular values of A smaller than RCOND times the largest
*> singular value are treated as zero in solving the least squares
*> problem; in this case a minimum norm solution is returned.
*> The actual singular values are returned in D in ascending order.
*>
*> \endverbatim
*
*  Arguments:
*  ==========
*
*> \param[in] UPLO
*> \verbatim
*>          UPLO is CHARACTER*1
*>         = 'U': D and E define an upper bidiagonal matrix.
*>         = 'L': D and E define a  lower bidiagonal matrix.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] SMLSIZ
*> \verbatim
*>          SMLSIZ is INTEGER
*>         The maximum size of the subproblems at the bottom of the
*>         computation tree.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] N
*> \verbatim
*>          N is INTEGER
*>         The dimension of the  bidiagonal matrix.  N >= 0.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] NRHS
*> \verbatim
*>          NRHS is INTEGER
*>         The number of columns of B. NRHS must be at least 1.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in,out] D
*> \verbatim
*>          D is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
*>         On entry D contains the main diagonal of the bidiagonal
*>         matrix. On exit, if INFO = 0, D contains its singular values.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in,out] E
*> \verbatim
*>          E is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N-1)
*>         Contains the super-diagonal entries of the bidiagonal matrix.
*>         On exit, E has been destroyed.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in,out] B
*> \verbatim
*>          B is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDB,NRHS)
*>         On input, B contains the right hand sides of the least
*>         squares problem. On output, B contains the solution X.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] LDB
*> \verbatim
*>          LDB is INTEGER
*>         The leading dimension of B in the calling subprogram.
*>         LDB must be at least max(1,N).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[in] RCOND
*> \verbatim
*>          RCOND is DOUBLE PRECISION
*>         The singular values of A less than or equal to RCOND times
*>         the largest singular value are treated as zero in solving
*>         the least squares problem. If RCOND is negative,
*>         machine precision is used instead.
*>         For example, if diag(S)*X=B were the least squares problem,
*>         where diag(S) is a diagonal matrix of singular values, the
*>         solution would be X(i) = B(i) / S(i) if S(i) is greater than
*>         RCOND*max(S), and X(i) = 0 if S(i) is less than or equal to
*>         RCOND*max(S).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] RANK
*> \verbatim
*>          RANK is INTEGER
*>         The number of singular values of A greater than RCOND times
*>         the largest singular value.
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] WORK
*> \verbatim
*>          WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension at least
*>         (9*N + 2*N*SMLSIZ + 8*N*NLVL + N*NRHS + (SMLSIZ+1)**2),
*>         where NLVL = max(0, INT(log_2 (N/(SMLSIZ+1))) + 1).
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] IWORK
*> \verbatim
*>          IWORK is INTEGER array, dimension at least
*>         (3*N*NLVL + 11*N)
*> \endverbatim
*>
*> \param[out] INFO
*> \verbatim
*>          INFO is INTEGER
*>         = 0:  successful exit.
*>         < 0:  if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.
*>         > 0:  The algorithm failed to compute a singular value while
*>               working on the submatrix lying in rows and columns
*>               INFO/(N+1) through MOD(INFO,N+1).
*> \endverbatim
*
*  Authors:
*  ========
*
*> \author Univ. of Tennessee
*> \author Univ. of California Berkeley
*> \author Univ. of Colorado Denver
*> \author NAG Ltd.
*
*> \ingroup lalsd
*
*> \par Contributors:
*  ==================
*>
*>     Ming Gu and Ren-Cang Li, Computer Science Division, University of
*>       California at Berkeley, USA \n
*>     Osni Marques, LBNL/NERSC, USA \n
*
*  =====================================================================
      SUBROUTINE dlalsd( UPLO, SMLSIZ, N, NRHS, D, E, B, LDB, RCOND,
     $                   RANK, WORK, IWORK, INFO )
*
*  -- LAPACK computational routine --
*  -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. of Tennessee,    --
*  -- Univ. of California Berkeley, Univ. of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--
*
*     .. Scalar Arguments ..
      CHARACTER          UPLO
      INTEGER            INFO, LDB, N, NRHS, RANK, SMLSIZ
      DOUBLE PRECISION   RCOND
*     ..
*     .. Array Arguments ..
      INTEGER            IWORK( * )
      DOUBLE PRECISION   B( LDB, * ), D( * ), E( * ), WORK( * )
*     ..
*
*  =====================================================================
*
*     .. Parameters ..
      DOUBLE PRECISION   ZERO, ONE, TWO
      parameter( zero = 0.0d0, one = 1.0d0, two = 2.0d0 )
*     ..
*     .. Local Scalars ..
      INTEGER            BX, BXST, C, DIFL, DIFR, GIVCOL, GIVNUM,
     $                   givptr, i, icmpq1, icmpq2, iwk, j, k, nlvl,
     $                   nm1, nsize, nsub, nwork, perm, poles, s, sizei,
     $                   smlszp, sqre, st, st1, u, vt, z
      DOUBLE PRECISION   CS, EPS, ORGNRM, R, RCND, SN, TOL
*     ..
*     .. External Functions ..
      INTEGER            IDAMAX
      DOUBLE PRECISION   DLAMCH, DLANST
      EXTERNAL           idamax, dlamch, dlanst
*     ..
*     .. External Subroutines ..
      EXTERNAL           dcopy, dgemm, dlacpy, dlalsa, dlartg,
     $                   dlascl,
     $                   dlasda, dlasdq, dlaset, dlasrt, drot, xerbla
*     ..
*     .. Intrinsic Functions ..
      INTRINSIC          abs, dble, int, log, sign
*     ..
*     .. Executable Statements ..
*
*     Test the input parameters.
*
      info = 0
*
      IF( n.LT.0 ) THEN
         info = -3
      ELSE IF( nrhs.LT.1 ) THEN
         info = -4
      ELSE IF( ( ldb.LT.1 ) .OR. ( ldb.LT.n ) ) THEN
         info = -8
      END IF
      IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
         CALL xerbla( 'DLALSD', -info )
         RETURN
      END IF
*
      eps = dlamch( 'Epsilon' )
*
*     Set up the tolerance.
*
      IF( ( rcond.LE.zero ) .OR. ( rcond.GE.one ) ) THEN
         rcnd = eps
      ELSE
         rcnd = rcond
      END IF
*
      rank = 0
*
*     Quick return if possible.
*
      IF( n.EQ.0 ) THEN
         RETURN
      ELSE IF( n.EQ.1 ) THEN
         IF( d( 1 ).EQ.zero ) THEN
            CALL dlaset( 'A', 1, nrhs, zero, zero, b, ldb )
         ELSE
            rank = 1
            CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, d( 1 ), one, 1, nrhs, b, ldb,
     $                   info )
            d( 1 ) = abs( d( 1 ) )
         END IF
         RETURN
      END IF
*
*     Rotate the matrix if it is lower bidiagonal.
*
      IF( uplo.EQ.'L' ) THEN
         DO 10 i = 1, n - 1
            CALL dlartg( d( i ), e( i ), cs, sn, r )
            d( i ) = r
            e( i ) = sn*d( i+1 )
            d( i+1 ) = cs*d( i+1 )
            IF( nrhs.EQ.1 ) THEN
               CALL drot( 1, b( i, 1 ), 1, b( i+1, 1 ), 1, cs, sn )
            ELSE
               work( i*2-1 ) = cs
               work( i*2 ) = sn
            END IF
   10    CONTINUE
         IF( nrhs.GT.1 ) THEN
            DO 30 i = 1, nrhs
               DO 20 j = 1, n - 1
                  cs = work( j*2-1 )
                  sn = work( j*2 )
                  CALL drot( 1, b( j, i ), 1, b( j+1, i ), 1, cs,
     $                       sn )
   20          CONTINUE
   30       CONTINUE
         END IF
      END IF
*
*     Scale.
*
      nm1 = n - 1
      orgnrm = dlanst( 'M', n, d, e )
      IF( orgnrm.EQ.zero ) THEN
         CALL dlaset( 'A', n, nrhs, zero, zero, b, ldb )
         RETURN
      END IF
*
      CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, orgnrm, one, n, 1, d, n, info )
      CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, orgnrm, one, nm1, 1, e, nm1, info )
*
*     If N is smaller than the minimum divide size SMLSIZ, then solve
*     the problem with another solver.
*
      IF( n.LE.smlsiz ) THEN
         nwork = 1 + n*n
         CALL dlaset( 'A', n, n, zero, one, work, n )
         CALL dlasdq( 'U', 0, n, n, 0, nrhs, d, e, work, n, work, n,
     $                b,
     $                ldb, work( nwork ), info )
         IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
            RETURN
         END IF
         tol = rcnd*abs( d( idamax( n, d, 1 ) ) )
         DO 40 i = 1, n
            IF( d( i ).LE.tol ) THEN
               CALL dlaset( 'A', 1, nrhs, zero, zero, b( i, 1 ),
     $                      ldb )
            ELSE
               CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, d( i ), one, 1, nrhs, b( i,
     $                      1 ),
     $                      ldb, info )
               rank = rank + 1
            END IF
   40    CONTINUE
         CALL dgemm( 'T', 'N', n, nrhs, n, one, work, n, b, ldb,
     $               zero,
     $               work( nwork ), n )
         CALL dlacpy( 'A', n, nrhs, work( nwork ), n, b, ldb )
*
*        Unscale.
*
         CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, one, orgnrm, n, 1, d, n, info )
         CALL dlasrt( 'D', n, d, info )
         CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, orgnrm, one, n, nrhs, b, ldb, info )
*
         RETURN
      END IF
*
*     Book-keeping and setting up some constants.
*
      nlvl = int( log( dble( n ) / dble( smlsiz+1 ) ) / log( two ) ) + 1
*
      smlszp = smlsiz + 1
*
      u = 1
      vt = 1 + smlsiz*n
      difl = vt + smlszp*n
      difr = difl + nlvl*n
      z = difr + nlvl*n*2
      c = z + nlvl*n
      s = c + n
      poles = s + n
      givnum = poles + 2*nlvl*n
      bx = givnum + 2*nlvl*n
      nwork = bx + n*nrhs
*
      sizei = 1 + n
      k = sizei + n
      givptr = k + n
      perm = givptr + n
      givcol = perm + nlvl*n
      iwk = givcol + nlvl*n*2
*
      st = 1
      sqre = 0
      icmpq1 = 1
      icmpq2 = 0
      nsub = 0
*
      DO 50 i = 1, n
         IF( abs( d( i ) ).LT.eps ) THEN
            d( i ) = sign( eps, d( i ) )
         END IF
   50 CONTINUE
*
      DO 60 i = 1, nm1
         IF( ( abs( e( i ) ).LT.eps ) .OR. ( i.EQ.nm1 ) ) THEN
            nsub = nsub + 1
            iwork( nsub ) = st
*
*           Subproblem found. First determine its size and then
*           apply divide and conquer on it.
*
            IF( i.LT.nm1 ) THEN
*
*              A subproblem with E(I) small for I < NM1.
*
               nsize = i - st + 1
               iwork( sizei+nsub-1 ) = nsize
            ELSE IF( abs( e( i ) ).GE.eps ) THEN
*
*              A subproblem with E(NM1) not too small but I = NM1.
*
               nsize = n - st + 1
               iwork( sizei+nsub-1 ) = nsize
            ELSE
*
*              A subproblem with E(NM1) small. This implies an
*              1-by-1 subproblem at D(N), which is not solved
*              explicitly.
*
               nsize = i - st + 1
               iwork( sizei+nsub-1 ) = nsize
               nsub = nsub + 1
               iwork( nsub ) = n
               iwork( sizei+nsub-1 ) = 1
               CALL dcopy( nrhs, b( n, 1 ), ldb, work( bx+nm1 ), n )
            END IF
            st1 = st - 1
            IF( nsize.EQ.1 ) THEN
*
*              This is a 1-by-1 subproblem and is not solved
*              explicitly.
*
               CALL dcopy( nrhs, b( st, 1 ), ldb, work( bx+st1 ), n )
            ELSE IF( nsize.LE.smlsiz ) THEN
*
*              This is a small subproblem and is solved by DLASDQ.
*
               CALL dlaset( 'A', nsize, nsize, zero, one,
     $                      work( vt+st1 ), n )
               CALL dlasdq( 'U', 0, nsize, nsize, 0, nrhs, d( st ),
     $                      e( st ), work( vt+st1 ), n, work( nwork ),
     $                      n, b( st, 1 ), ldb, work( nwork ), info )
               IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
                  RETURN
               END IF
               CALL dlacpy( 'A', nsize, nrhs, b( st, 1 ), ldb,
     $                      work( bx+st1 ), n )
            ELSE
*
*              A large problem. Solve it using divide and conquer.
*
               CALL dlasda( icmpq1, smlsiz, nsize, sqre, d( st ),
     $                      e( st ), work( u+st1 ), n, work( vt+st1 ),
     $                      iwork( k+st1 ), work( difl+st1 ),
     $                      work( difr+st1 ), work( z+st1 ),
     $                      work( poles+st1 ), iwork( givptr+st1 ),
     $                      iwork( givcol+st1 ), n, iwork( perm+st1 ),
     $                      work( givnum+st1 ), work( c+st1 ),
     $                      work( s+st1 ), work( nwork ), iwork( iwk ),
     $                      info )
               IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
                  RETURN
               END IF
               bxst = bx + st1
               CALL dlalsa( icmpq2, smlsiz, nsize, nrhs, b( st, 1 ),
     $                      ldb, work( bxst ), n, work( u+st1 ), n,
     $                      work( vt+st1 ), iwork( k+st1 ),
     $                      work( difl+st1 ), work( difr+st1 ),
     $                      work( z+st1 ), work( poles+st1 ),
     $                      iwork( givptr+st1 ), iwork( givcol+st1 ), n,
     $                      iwork( perm+st1 ), work( givnum+st1 ),
     $                      work( c+st1 ), work( s+st1 ), work( nwork ),
     $                      iwork( iwk ), info )
               IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
                  RETURN
               END IF
            END IF
            st = i + 1
         END IF
   60 CONTINUE
*
*     Apply the singular values and treat the tiny ones as zero.
*
      tol = rcnd*abs( d( idamax( n, d, 1 ) ) )
*
      DO 70 i = 1, n
*
*        Some of the elements in D can be negative because 1-by-1
*        subproblems were not solved explicitly.
*
         IF( abs( d( i ) ).LE.tol ) THEN
            CALL dlaset( 'A', 1, nrhs, zero, zero, work( bx+i-1 ),
     $                   n )
         ELSE
            rank = rank + 1
            CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, d( i ), one, 1, nrhs,
     $                   work( bx+i-1 ), n, info )
         END IF
         d( i ) = abs( d( i ) )
   70 CONTINUE
*
*     Now apply back the right singular vectors.
*
      icmpq2 = 1
      DO 80 i = 1, nsub
         st = iwork( i )
         st1 = st - 1
         nsize = iwork( sizei+i-1 )
         bxst = bx + st1
         IF( nsize.EQ.1 ) THEN
            CALL dcopy( nrhs, work( bxst ), n, b( st, 1 ), ldb )
         ELSE IF( nsize.LE.smlsiz ) THEN
            CALL dgemm( 'T', 'N', nsize, nrhs, nsize, one,
     $                  work( vt+st1 ), n, work( bxst ), n, zero,
     $                  b( st, 1 ), ldb )
         ELSE
            CALL dlalsa( icmpq2, smlsiz, nsize, nrhs, work( bxst ),
     $                   n,
     $                   b( st, 1 ), ldb, work( u+st1 ), n,
     $                   work( vt+st1 ), iwork( k+st1 ),
     $                   work( difl+st1 ), work( difr+st1 ),
     $                   work( z+st1 ), work( poles+st1 ),
     $                   iwork( givptr+st1 ), iwork( givcol+st1 ), n,
     $                   iwork( perm+st1 ), work( givnum+st1 ),
     $                   work( c+st1 ), work( s+st1 ), work( nwork ),
     $                   iwork( iwk ), info )
            IF( info.NE.0 ) THEN
               RETURN
            END IF
         END IF
   80 CONTINUE
*
*     Unscale and sort the singular values.
*
      CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, one, orgnrm, n, 1, d, n, info )
      CALL dlasrt( 'D', n, d, info )
      CALL dlascl( 'G', 0, 0, orgnrm, one, n, nrhs, b, ldb, info )
*
      RETURN
*
*     End of DLALSD
*
      SUBROUTINE dlalsd( UPLO, SMLSIZ, N, NRHS, D, E, B, LDB, RCOND, …
      END