%% This is ltexfrnt.all. This file is to be used for creating a paper
%% in the SIAM Frontiers Series using LaTeX. It consists of the following 
%% three files:
%%
%%       ltexfrnt.tex ---- an example and documentation file
%%       ltexfrnt.sty ---- the macro file
%%       siamfrnt.bst ---- a style file for use with BiBTeX
%%  
%% To use, cut this file apart at the appropriate places.  You can run the
%% example file with the macros to get sample output.
%%
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  CUT HERE  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%%
% This is ltexfrnt.tex, an example file for use with the SIAM LaTeX
% Frontiers Series macros. 
% Please take the time to read the following comments, as they describe
% how to use these macros. This file can be composed and printed out for
% use as sample output.

% Any comments or questions regarding these macros should be directed to:
%
%                 Corey Gray
%                 SIAM
%                 3600 University City Science Center
%                 Philadelphia, PA 19104-2688
%                 USA
%                 Telephone: (215) 382-9800
%                 Fax: (215) 386-7999
%                 e-mail: gray@siam.org


% This file is to be used as an example for style only. It should not be read
% for content.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING STYLE RESTRICTIONS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%  1. There are no new tags.  Existing LaTeX tags have been formatted to
%%     match
%%     the Frontiers series style.    
%%
%%  2. You must use \cite in the text to mark your reference citations and 
%%     \bibitem in the listing of references at the end of your chapter. See
%%     the examples in the following file. The file siamfrnt.bst has been 
%%     included for use with BiBTeX. Please be sure to include the appropriate
%%     .bib file with BiBTeX submissions.
%% 
%%  3. Unless otherwise stated by your editor, do your chapter as if it
%%     is Chapter 1.
%%     If you know which number your chapter is, you must do the following:
%%
%%            Use the \setcounter command to set the counters for chapter,
%%            section, and page number to the appropriate number. The counter
%%            for chapter is incremental, so it should be set one less than
%%            the actual chapter number. The section counter is not 
%%            incremental. Set the page counter to 1. The following example
%%            is set up as if it were chapter 3. Please note the placement of 
%%            the three \setcounter commands and follow it exactly.         
%%
%%  4. This macro is set up for two levels of headings (\section and 
%%     \subsection). The macro will automatically number the headings for you.
%%
%%  5. The running heads are indicated by the \markboth command. Please 
%%     define the running heads by replacing BOOK TITLE, in the first field,
%%     and CHAPTER TITLE, in the second field, with the actual book and 
%%     chapter titles. Neither field can contain more than 40 characters, 
%%     so use a shortened version of the titles if necessary.
%% 
%%  6. Theorems, Lemmas, Definitions, etc. are to be triple numbered, 
%%     indicating the chapter, section, and the occurence of that element
%%     within that section. (For example, the first theorem in the second
%%     section of chapter three would be numbered 3.2.1. The macro will 
%%     automatically do the numbering for you.
%%
%%  7. Figures, equations, and tables must be double-numbered indicating 
%%     chapter and occurence. Use existing LaTeX tags for these elements.
%%     Numbering will be done automatically.
%%   
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%-
%%%


\documentstyle[leqno,twoside,11pt,ltexfrnt]{report} %You must set up your
                                              %\documentstyle line like this.
\begin{document}
\cleardoublepage

\setcounter{chapter}{2} % If you are doing your chapter as chapter one,
\setcounter{section}{3} % comment these two lines out.

\chapter{SIAM Frontiers Series Macros for Use With LaTeX}
\author{J. Corey Gray and Tricia Manning}
\markboth{BOOK TITLE}{CHAPTER TITLE} % See section 5 above
                                                       % for explanation.
\pagenumbering{arabic}
%\setcounter{page}{1}%Leave this line commented out.

\section{Problem Specification.}In this paper, we consider the solution of the $N \times
N$ linear
system
\begin{equation} \label{e1.1}
\cos \sin A x = b
\end{equation}
where $A$ is large, sparse, symmetric, and positive definite.  We consider
the direct solution of (\ref{e1.1}) by means of general sparse Gaussian
elimination.  In such a procedure, we find a permutation matrix $P$, and
compute the decomposition
\[
P A P^{t} = L D L^{t}
\]
where $L$ is unit lower triangular and $D$ is diagonal.  

 
\section{Design Considerations.}Several good ordering algorithms (nested dissection and
minimum degree)
are available for computing $P$  \cite{GEORGELIU}, \cite{ROSE72}.
Since our interest here does not
focus directly on the ordering, we assume for convenience that $P=I$,
or that $A$ has been preordered to reflect an appropriate choice of $P$.

Our purpose here is to examine the nonnumerical complexity of the
sparse elimination algorithm given in  \cite{BANKSMITH}.
As was shown there, a general sparse elimination scheme based on the
bordering algorithm requires less storage for pointers and
row/column indices than more traditional implementations of general
sparse elimination.  This is accomplished by exploiting the m-tree,
a particular spanning tree for the graph of the filled-in matrix.

\begin{theorem} The method  was extended to three
dimensions. For the standard multigrid
coarsening
(in which, for a given grid, the next coarser grid has $1/8$
as many points), anisotropic problems require plane
relaxation to
obtain a good smoothing factor.\end{theorem} 

Several good ordering algorithms (nested dissection and minimum degree)
are available for computing $P$  \cite{GEORGELIU}, \cite{ROSE72}.
Since our interest here does not
focus directly on the ordering, we assume for convenience that $P=I$,
or that $A$ has been preordered to reflect an appropriate choice of $P$.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{18pc}
\caption{This is a figure 1.1.}
\end{figure}

\begin{proof} In this paper we consider two methods. The first method
is
basically the method considered with two differences:
first, we perform plane relaxation by a two-dimensional
multigrid method, and second, we use a slightly different
choice of
interpolation operator, which improves performance
for nearly singular problems. In the second method coarsening
is done by successively coarsening in each of the three
independent variables and then ignoring the intermediate
grids; this artifice simplifies coding considerably.
\end{proof}

Our purpose here is to examine the nonnumerical complexity of the
sparse elimination algorithm given in  \cite{BANKSMITH}.
As was shown there, a general sparse elimination scheme based on the
bordering algorithm requires less storage for pointers and
row/column indices than more traditional implementations of general
sparse elimination.  This is accomplished by exploiting the m-tree,
a particular spanning tree for the graph of the filled-in matrix.

\begin{Definition}{\rm We describe the two methods in \S 1.2. In \S\ 1.3. we
discuss
some remaining details.}
\end{Definition}

Our purpose here is to examine the nonnumerical complexity of the
sparse elimination algorithm given in  \cite{BANKSMITH}.
As was shown there, a general sparse elimination scheme based on the
bordering algorithm requires less storage for pointers and
row/column indices than more traditional implementations of general
sparse elimination.  

\begin{lemma} We discuss first the choice for $I_{k-1}^k$
which is a generalization. We assume that $G^{k-1}$ is
obtained
from $G^k$
by standard coarsening; that is, if $G^k$ is a tensor product
grid $G_{x}^k \times G_{y}^k \times G_{z}^k$,
$G^{k-1}=G_{x}^{k-1} \times G_{y}^{k-1} \times G_{z}^{k-1}$,
where $G_{x}^{k-1}$ is obtained by deleting every other grid
point of $G_x^k$ and similarly for $G_{y}^k$ and $G_{z}^k$.
\end{lemma}
 
This is accomplished by exploiting the m-tree,
a particular spanning tree for the graph of the filled-in matrix.
To our knowledge, the m-tree previously has not been applied in this
fashion to the numerical factorization, but it has been used,
directly or indirectly, in several optimal order algorithms for
computing the fill-in during the symbolic factorization phase
\cite{EISENSTAT} - \cite{LIU2}, \cite{ROSE76},  \cite{SCHREIBER}.

\subsection{Robustness.} We do not
attempt to present an overview
here, but rather attempt to focus on those results that
are relevant to our particular algorithm.
This section assumes prior knowledge of the role of graph theory
in sparse Gaussian elimination; surveys of this role are
available in \cite{ROSE72} and \cite{GEORGELIU}. More general
discussions of elimination trees are given in
\cite{LAW} - \cite{LIU2}, \cite{SCHREIBER}.
Thus, at the $k$th stage, the bordering algorithm consists of
solving the lower triangular system
\begin{equation} \label{1.2}
 L_{k-1}v = c
\end{equation}
and setting
\begin{eqnarray} 
\ell &=& D^{-1}_{k-1}v , \\
\delta &=& \alpha - \ell^{t} v .
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Robustness.} We do not
attempt to present an overview
here, but rather attempt to focus on those results that
are relevant to our particular algorithm.
 
\subsection{Versatility.}  The special
structure of this problem allows us to make exact estimates of
the complexity.  For the old approach, we show that the
complexity of the intersection problem is $O(n^{3})$, the same
as the complexity of the numerical computations
\cite{GEORGELIU}, \cite{ROSEWHITTEN}.  For the
new approach, the complexity of the second part is reduced to
$O(n^{2} (\log n)^{2})$. 

\begin{thebibliography}{99}

%\bibitem{GUIDE}
%R.~E. Bank, {\em PLTMG  users' guide, edition 5.0}, tech. report,
%  Department of Mathematics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 1988.

%\bibitem{HBMG}
%R.~E. Bank, T.~F. Dupont, and H.~Yserentant, {\em The hierarchical basis
%  multigrid method}, Numer. Math., 52 (1988), pp.~427--458.

\bibitem{BANKSMITH}
R.~E. Bank and R.~K. Smith, {\em General sparse elimination requires no
  permanent integer storage}, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 8 (1987),
  pp.~574--584.

\bibitem{EISENSTAT}
S.~C. Eisenstat, M.~C. Gursky, M.~Schultz, and A.~Sherman, {\em
  Algorithms and data structures for sparse symmetric gaussian elimination},
  SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 2 (1982), pp.~225--237.

\bibitem{GEORGELIU}
A.~George and J.~Liu, {\em Computer Solution of Large Sparse Positive
  Definite Systems}, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981.

\bibitem{LAW}
K.~H. Law and S.~J. Fenves, {\em A node addition model for symbolic
  factorization}, ACM TOMS, 12 (1986), pp.~37--50.

\bibitem{LIU}
J.~W.~H. Liu, {\em A compact row storage scheme for cholesky factors
  using elimination trees}, ACM TOMS, 12 (1986), pp.~127--148.

\bibitem{LIU2}
\sameauthor , {\em The role of
  elimination trees in sparse factorization}, Tech. Report CS-87-12,Department
  of Computer Science, York University, Ontario, Canada, 1987.

\bibitem{ROSE72}
D.~J. Rose, {\em A graph theoretic study of the numeric solution of
  sparse positive definite systems}, in Graph Theory and Computing, Academic  Press, New
York, 1972.

\bibitem{ROSE76}
D.~J. Rose, R.~E. Tarjan, and G.~S. Lueker, {\em Algorithmic aspects of
  vertex elimination on graphs}, SIAM J. Comput., 5 (1976), pp.~226--283.

\bibitem{ROSEWHITTEN}
D.~J. Rose and G.~F. Whitten, {\em A recursive analysis of disection
  strategies}, in Sparse Matrix Computations, Academic Press, New York, 1976.

\bibitem{SCHREIBER}
R.~Schrieber, {\em A new implementation of sparse gaussian elimination},
  ACM TOMS, 8 (1982), pp.~256--276.

\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%CUT HERE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%%
%   This file may be freely distributed but may not be altered in any way.
%   Any comments or questions regarding these macros should be directed to:

%                 Corey Gray
%                 SIAM
%                 3600 University City Science Center
%                 Philadelphia, PA 19104-2688
%                 USA
%                 Telephone: (215) 382-9800
%                 Fax: (215) 386-7999
%                 e-mail: gray@siam.org

%   This is a file of macros and definitions for creating a chapter for 
%   publication in the SIAM Frontiers series using LaTeX.

%   Report the version.
\message{*** SIAM LaTeX Frontiers Series macro package, version 1.1,
March 20,1992 ***} 

\pretolerance=800 
\tolerance=10000 
\sloppy 
 
 
\vsize=52pc 
\hsize=31pc 
\baselineskip=14pt 
\footskip=18pt 
\topmargin 24pt  
\headheight 12pt  
\headsep 17pt  
\textheight 49.5pc  \advance\textheight by \topskip 
\textwidth 31pc  
\parskip 0pt
\parindent 18pt
\def\topfraction{.9}
\def\textfraction{.1}
\def\topnumber{2}
%% footnotes  to be set 8/10 
\def\footnotesize{\@setsize\footnotesize{10pt}\viiipt\@viiipt 
      %  \indent 
        \abovedisplayskip \z@ 
        \belowdisplayskip\z@ 
        \abovedisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip 
        \belowdisplayshortskip\belowdisplayshortskip 
  \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt 
        \parsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt 
        \itemsep \parsep}} 
 
\let\referencesize\footnotesize 
 
\footnotesep 0pt  
 
\skip\footins 12pt plus 12pt  
 
\def\footnoterule{\kern3\p@  \hrule width 3em} % the \hrule is .4pt high 
 
 
\def\ps@plain{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo 
     \def\@oddfoot{{\hfil\small\thepage\hfil}}% 
     \def\@oddhead{} 
      \def\@evenhead{}\def\@evenfoot{}} 
 
 
 
\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\markboth 
        \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}% 
        \def\@evenhead{{\rm\thepage}\hfil{\small\leftmark}}%

        \def\@oddhead{{\noindent\small\rightmark}\hfil{\rm\thepage}}%

        \def\chaptermark##1{\markboth{\uppercase{% 
          {\protect\small\@chapapp}\
{\protect\small\thechapter}}}% 
          {\uppercase{##1}}}% 
            } 
 
 
\def\ps@myheadings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo 
 \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}% 
 \def\@oddhead{\rlap{\normalsize\rm\thepage}\hfil{small\rightmark}\hfil}% 
 \def\@evenhead{\hfil{\small\@chapapp}\  
                {\small\thechapter}\hfil\llap{\normalsize\rm\thepage}}% 
        \def\chaptermark##1{}% 
        \def\sectionmark##1{}\def\subsectionmark##1{}} 
 
 
 
 
\def\theequation{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{equation}} 
 
 
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%     THEOREMS, PROOFS, ALGORITHMS        % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 
%%% defined proof environment by theorem model (took out counter) 
 
\def\newproof#1{\@nprf{#1}} 
 
\def\@nprf#1#2{\@xnprf{#1}{#2}} 
 
\def\@xnprf#1#2{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname 
\global\@namedef{#1}{\@prf{#1}{#2}}\global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endproof}} 
 
\def\@prf#1#2{\@xprf{#1}{#2}} 
 
\def\@xprf#1#2{\@beginproof{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}\ignorespaces} 
 
 
 
%%% defined algorithm environment by theorem model 
 
\def\newalgorithm#1{\@ifnextchar[{\@oalg{#1}}{\@nalg{#1}}} 
 
\def\@nalg#1#2{% 
\@ifnextchar[{\@xnalg{#1}{#2}}{\@ynalg{#1}{#2}}} 
 
\def\@xnalg#1#2[#3]{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname 
{\@definecounter{#1}\@addtoreset{#1}{#3}% 
\expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\expandafter\noexpand 
  \csname the#3\endcsname \@thmcountersep \@thmcounter{#1}}% 
\global\@namedef{#1}{\@alg{#1}{#2}}\global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endalgorithm}}} 
 
\def\@ynalg#1#2{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname 
{\@definecounter{#1}% 
\expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}% 
\global\@namedef{#1}{\@alg{#1}{#2}}\global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endalgorithm}}} 
 
\def\@oalg#1[#2]#3{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname 
  {\global\@namedef{the#1}{\@nameuse{the#2}}% 
\global\@namedef{#1}{\@alg{#2}{#3}}% 
\global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endalgorithm}}} 
 
\def\@alg#1#2{\refstepcounter 
    {#1}\@ifnextchar[{\@yalg{#1}{#2}}{\@xalg{#1}{#2}}} 
 
\def\@xalg#1#2{\@beginalgorithm{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}\ignorespaces} 
\def\@yalg#1#2[#3]{\@opargbeginalgorithm{#2}{\csname 
       the#1\endcsname}{#3}\ignorespaces} 
 
 
 
 
\def\@beginproof#1{\rm {\it #1.\ }} 
\def\@endproof{\outerparskip 0pt\endtrivlist} 
 
\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\it {\sc #1\ #2.\ }} 
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\it 
      {\sc #1\ #2\ (#3).\ }} 
\def\@endtheorem{\outerparskip 0pt\endtrivlist} 

%\def\@begindefinition#1#2{\rm \trivlist \item[\hskip \labelsep{\sc #1\ #2.}]} 
%\def\@opargbegindefinition#1#2#3{\rm \trivlist 
%      \item[\hskip \labelsep{\sc #1\ #2.\ (#3)}]} 
%\def\@enddefinition{\outerparskip 0pt\endtrivlist} 

 
\def\@beginalgorithm#1#2{\rm \trivlist \item[\hskip \labelsep{\sc #1\ #2.}]} 
\def\@opargbeginalgorithm#1#2#3{\rm \trivlist 
      \item[\hskip \labelsep{\sc #1\ #2.\ (#3)}]} 
\def\@endalgorithm{\outerparskip 6pt\endtrivlist} 
 
 
\newskip\outerparskip 
 
\def\trivlist{\parsep\outerparskip 
  \@trivlist \labelwidth\z@ \leftmargin\z@ 
  \itemindent\parindent \def\makelabel##1{##1}} 
 
\def\@trivlist{\topsep=0pt\@topsepadd\topsep 
  \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi 
  \ifvmode \advance\@topsepadd\partopsep \else \unskip\par\fi 
  \if@inlabel \@noparitemtrue \@noparlisttrue  
    \else \@noparlistfalse \@topsep\@topsepadd \fi 
    \advance\@topsep \parskip 
  \leftskip\z@\rightskip\@rightskip \parfillskip\@flushglue 
  \@setpar{\if@newlist\else{\@@par}\fi}% 
  \global\@newlisttrue \@outerparskip\parskip} 
 
 
\def\endtrivlist{\if@newlist\@noitemerr\fi  
   \if@inlabel\indent\fi  
   \ifhmode\unskip \par\fi  
   \if@noparlist \else 
      \ifdim\lastskip >\z@ \@tempskipa\lastskip \vskip -\lastskip 
         \advance\@tempskipa\parskip \advance\@tempskipa -\@outerparskip  
         \vskip\@tempskipa 
   \fi\@endparenv\fi 
   \vskip\outerparskip} 
 
 
 
 \newproof{@proof}{Proof} 
 \newenvironment{proof}{\begin{@proof}}{\end{@proof}} 
 
 \newtheorem{@theorem}{Theorem}[section] 
 \newenvironment{theorem}{\begin{@theorem}}{\end{@theorem}} 
 
 \newalgorithm{@algorithm}{Algorithm}[section] 
 \newenvironment{algorithm}{\begin{@algorithm}}{\end{@algorithm}} 
 
 
 
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section] 
\newtheorem{fact}{Fact}[section] 
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section] 
\newtheorem{axiom}{Axiom}[section] 
\newtheorem{cond}{Condition}[section] 
\newtheorem{property}{Property}[section]  
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section] 
 
\newtheorem{Conjecture}{Conjecture}[section] 
\newtheorem{Corollary}[Theorem]{Corollary} 
\newtheorem{Definition}{Definition}[section] 
\newtheorem{Lemma}{Lemma}[section] 
\newtheorem{Remark}{Remark}[section] 
 
\newproof{Example}{Example} 
\newproof{Method}{Method} 
\newproof{Exercise}{Exercise} 
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%        TABLE AND FIGURE CAPTIONS        % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \def\@figtxt{figure}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{\small
\setlength{\parindent}{18pt}
\baselineskip 14pt
 \ifx\@captype\@figtxt
 \vskip 10pt 
 \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\sc #1} {\it #2}}
 \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize {\sc #1} {\it #2}\par \else \hbox
to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
 \fi\else\hbox to\hsize{\hfil{\sc #1}\hfil}%
 \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\it #2}}%
 \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize {\it #2}\par \else
 \hbox to \hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}\fi
 \vskip 10pt
 \fi}

 
%\newif\iftable  \global\tablefalse 
 
 
%\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% 
%\setlength{\parindent}{18pt}
% \vskip 12pt  
%    \iftable 
 %              \hbox to \hsize{\hfil\sc #1\hfil} 
 %              \hbox to \hsize{\hfil\it #2\hfil} 
 %              \global\tablefalse 
 %    \else 
 %      \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\small#1} {\small\it#2}} 
 %        \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize  
 %           \indent{\small#1}{\small\it#2}\par  
 %               \else  
 %                \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}\fi 
 % \fi} 
% \vskip 6pt} 
 
 
 
%\def\figure{\global\tablefalse\@float{figure}} 
\def\fnum@figure{\par\sc Fig. \thefigure.\ } 
%\def\fnum@figure{\par\sc Fig. \thefigure\ } 
 
%\def\table{\global\tabletrue\@float{table}} 
\def\fnum@table{\small \sc Table \thetable} 
 
 
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%              CHAPTER                    % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 
\def\@chapapp{Chapter} 
 
\def\@makechapterhead#1{% 
        \vspace*{8pt} 
        \vtop to 11pc{\leftskip=0pc \parindent 0pt  
         \begin{flushright}{\Large  \@chapapp}%\end{flushright}%%% 
         {\Large \baselineskip=26pt\ \thechapter}\end{flushright}\vskip-8pt  
         \vrule width 31pc height .5pt\par % 
        % \vspace*{6pt}% 
         \baselineskip=18pt\begin{flushright}{\LARGE#1 }\end{flushright}\par    
         \vfil}} 
 
 
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{% 
        \vspace*{8pt} 
        \vtop to 11pc{\leftskip=0pc \parindent 0pt  
        \vtop to 26pt{\vfill}\vskip-8pt  
        \vrule width 31pc height .5pt\par % 
       % \vspace*{6pt}% 
        {\LARGE #1}\par  
        \vfil}} 
 
 
\def\chapter{\cleardoublepage \thispagestyle{plain} \global\@topnum\z@ 
        \@afterindentfalse \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}  
 
\def\author#1{\vspace*{-4.25pc}\begin{flushright}{#1}\end{flushright}
   \par\vspace*{4pc}} 
\def\chaptermark#1{} 
 
\def\@chapter[#1]#2{% 
         \refstepcounter{chapter} 
         \typeout{Chapter\space\thechapter.} 
         \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{CHAPTER\ \thechapter. #1} 
         \protect\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10pt}} 
         \protect\addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10pt}}  
         \chaptermark{#1} 
         \@makechapterhead{#2} 
         \@afterheading} 
         
 
 
\def\@schapter#1{\@makeschapterhead{#1} 
        \@afterheading} 
 
 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%             SECTIONS                    % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth 
     \def\@svsec{}\else  
     \refstepcounter{#1}\edef\@svsec{\csname the#1\endcsname.\hskip .75em }\fi

     \@tempskipa #5\relax 
      \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@  
        \begingroup #6\relax 
          \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\par} 
        \endgroup 
       \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}\addcontentsline 
        {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else 
                      \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi 
                        #7}\else 
        \def\@svsechd{#6\hskip #3\@svsec #8\hskip1em\csname #1mark\endcsname 
              {#7}\addcontentsline 
                {toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else 
                             \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi 
                       #7}}\fi 
     \@xsect{#5}} 
 

% \@startsection {NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}  
\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{0pt}{-12pt}{3pt}{\hyphenpenalty=\@M
\exhyphenpenalty=\@M\normalsize\bf}} 
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{0pt}{-12pt}{0pt}{\normalsize\bf}
} 
\def\subsubsection{\@startsection 
 {subsubsection}{3}{0pt}{-12pt}{0pt}{\normalsize\bf}} 
\def\paragraph{\@startsection  
 {paragraph}{4}{\parindent}{0pt}{0pt}{\normalsize\bf}} 
\def\subparagraph{\@startsection 
 {subparagraph}{4}{\parindent}{0pt}{0pt}{\normalsize\bf}} 

 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%                  TOC                    % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 
%% sets chapter in toc 
\def\l@chapter#1#2{\pagebreak[3]  
        \hbox to \hsize{\null\hskip2pc 
        \llap{\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss#2}\hskip2pc}% 
        #1\hfill}\vskip1pc} 
 
 
%%% set so only chapters print in TOC 
\def\@dottedtocline#1#2#3#4#5{\relax} 


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%%                                          %% 
%%            BIBLIOGRAPHY                  %% 
%%                                          %% 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

 
\def\thebibliography#1{% 
%\cleardoublepage 
\parindent 0em
\vspace{9pt}
\begin{flushleft}\normalsize\bf {References}\end{flushleft}
\addvspace{3pt}\nopagebreak\list 
 %% default is no labels, for those not using \cite or BibTeX 
% {[\arabic{enumi}]} {\settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]} 
{[\arabic{enumi}]}{\settowidth\labelwidth{mm} 
\leftmargin\labelwidth 
\leftmargin=0pt
 \advance\leftmargin\labelsep 
 \usecounter{enumi}\@bibsetup} 
\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em} 
 \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 
 \sfcode`\.=1000\relax} 

%\def\thebibliography#1{% 
%\cleardoublepage 
%\parindent 0em
%\vspace{9pt}
%%\begin{flushleft}\normalsize \end{flushleft}
%\addvspace{3pt}\nopagebreak\list 
% %% default is no labels, for those not using \cite or BibTeX 
%% {[\arabic{enumi}]} {\settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]} 
%%{[\arabic{enumi}]}{\settowidth\labelwidth{mm} 
%{}{\settowidth\labelwidth{mm} 
%\leftmargin\labelwidth 
%\advance
%\leftmargin 0pt \itemindent -16pt
% \usecounter{enumi}\@bibsetup} 
%\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em} 
% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000 
% \sfcode`\.=1000\relax} 
 
%% setup 8/10 type 
\def\@bibsetup{%\itemindent=0pt
\itemsep=0pt \parsep=0pt
\small} 
 
\def\sameauthor{\leavevmode\vrule height 2pt depth -1.6pt width 23pt} 
 
  
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%                                         % 
%                INDEX                    % 
%                                         % 
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 
 
%makeindex.sty        official version 6.4  
%The second line came from /usr/misc/lib/tex82/report.sty. 
 
\def\theindex{\@restonecoltrue\if@twocolumn\@restonecolfalse\fi 
\columnseprule \z@ 
\columnsep 35pt\twocolumn[\chapter*{Index}] 
 \parskip\z@ plus .3pt\relax\let\item\@idxitem} 
 
 
\def\printindex{\cleardoublepage\markboth{INDEX}{INDEX} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}\@input{\jobname.ind}} 
 
\ps@headings  
 
 
%%% end of style file 
%%
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%CUT HERE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%%
% SIAM bibliography style (29-Jan-88 version)
%    numeric labels, alphabetic order, Mathematical Reviews abbreviations,
%    names in \sc, titles in italics, book titles mixed upper-lower and article
%    titles lowercase, commas separate all fields except before "notes".
%
%   History
%    1/30/86	(HWT)	Original version, by Howard Trickey.
%    6/15/87	(HWT)	Fix format.editors---Martin Costabel.
%    1/29/88	(OP&HWT) Updated for BibTeX version 0.99a, Oren Patashnik;
%			THIS `siam' VERSION DOES NOT WORK WITH BIBTEX 0.98i.
%    3/20/92    (JCG)  This version altered slightly to match SIAM Frontiers 
%                      Series style. Do not use for other SIAM applications.
ENTRY
  { address
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
  }
  {}
  { label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.block :=
}

STRINGS { s t }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ", " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
	{ add.period$ write$
	  newline$
	  "\newblock " write$
	}
	'write$
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {scapify}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\sc " swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
	{ namesleft #1 >
	    { ", " * t * }
	    { numnames #2 >
		{ "," * }
		'skip$
	      if$
	      t "others" =
		{ " et~al." * }
		{ " and " * t * }
	      if$
	    }
	  if$
	}
	't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

STRINGS { last.authors }

FUNCTION {init.last.authors}
{ "" 'last.authors :=
}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
    { "" 'last.authors :=
      ""
    }
    { author last.authors =
        { "\leavevmode\vrule height 2pt depth -1.6pt width 23pt" }
        { author format.names }% scapify }
      if$
      author 'last.authors :=
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.organization}
{ organization empty$
    { "" 'last.authors :=
      ""
    }
    { organization last.authors =
        { "\leavevmode\vrule height 2pt depth -1.6pt width 23pt" }
        { organization scapify }
      if$
      organization 'last.authors :=
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" 'last.authors :=
      ""
    }
    { editor last.authors =
        { "\leavevmode\vrule height 2pt depth -1.6pt width 23pt" }
	{ editor format.names scapify }
      if$
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        { ", eds." * }
	{ ", ed." * }
      if$
      editor 'last.authors :=
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.ineditors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names
      editor num.names$ #1 >
	{ ", eds." * }
	{ ", ed." * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
    { "" }
    { title "t" change.case$ emphasize }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
	{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
	    { "--" *
	      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
	    }
	    {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
		{ "-" *
		  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
		}
	      while$
	    }
	  if$
	}
	{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
	  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
	}
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
    { month empty$
	{ "" }
	{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
	  month
	}
      if$
    }
    { month empty$
	'year
	{ month " " * year * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title emphasize
}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$ * *
}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { "vol.~" volume *
      series empty$
	'skip$
	{ " of " * series * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
	{ series field.or.null }
	{ "no.~" number *
	  series empty$
	    { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
	    { " in " * series * }
	  if$
	}
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
    { "" }
    { edition "l" change.case$ "~ed." * }
  if$
}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
	{ #1 'multiresult := }
	{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
    { "" }
    { pages multi.page.check
	{ "pp.~" pages n.dashify * }
	{ "p.~" pages * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.vol.year}
{ volume field.or.null
  year empty$
    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
    { " (" year * ")" * * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    'format.pages
    { type empty$
	{ "ch.~" chapter * }
	{ type "l" change.case$ chapter tie.or.space.connect }
      if$
      pages empty$
	'skip$
	{ ", " * format.pages * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
    { "" }
    { editor empty$
	{ "in " booktitle * }
	{ "in " booktitle * ", " * format.ineditors * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
  and and and and and
  key empty$ not and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$
      type "l" change.case$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
    { "Tech. Rep." }
    'type
  if$
  number empty$
    { "l" change.case$ }
    { number tie.or.space.connect }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{ key empty$
    { journal empty$
	{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
	  warning$
	  ""
	}
	{ "in " journal * }
      if$
    }
    { "in " key * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  editor num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$ " et~al." * }
    { #2 <
	'skip$
	{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
	    { " et~al." * }
	    { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
	  if$
	}
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      "in "
    }
    { "vol.~" volume *
      " of " *
    }
  if$
  editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
	{ series empty$
	    { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
	      crossref * warning$
	      "" *
	    }
	    { series * }
	  if$
	}
	{ key * }
      if$
    }
    { format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{ editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
	{ booktitle empty$
	    { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
	      crossref * warning$
	      ""
	    }
	    { "in " booktitle * }
	  if$
	}
	{ "in " key * }
      if$
    }
    { "in " format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { journal "journal" output.check
      format.vol.year output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.pages output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
	'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
    }
    { format.book.crossref output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  format.title "title" output.check
  howpublished new.block.checka
  howpublished output
  address output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
	'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
    }
    { format.book.crossref output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
      format.edition output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.chapter.pages output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      address empty$
	{ organization output
	  publisher output
	  format.date "year" output.check
	}
	{ address output.nonnull
	  format.date "year" output.check
	  organization output
	  publisher output
	}
      if$
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.pages output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }

FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.organization output }
    { format.authors output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  author empty$
    'skip$
    { organization output }
  if$
  address output
  format.edition output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  format.title output
  howpublished new.block.checka
  howpublished output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
  empty.misc.check
}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { format.organization output }
    { format.editors output.nonnull }
  if$
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  address empty$
    { editor empty$
	'skip$
	{ organization output }
      if$
      publisher output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { address output.nonnull
      format.date "year" output.check
      editor empty$
	'skip$
	{ organization output }
      if$
      publisher output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  note "note" output.check
  format.date output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"June"}

MACRO {jul} {"July"}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sept."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surveys"}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Comm. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~Assoc. Comput. Mach."}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. System Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."}

READ

FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
  "l" change.case$
}

INTEGERS { len }

FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
  'len :=
  s #1 len substring$ =
    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
    's
  if$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  ""
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { nameptr #1 >
	{ "   " * }
	'skip$
      if$
      s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{  f{ }}{  jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
	{ "et al" * }
	{ t sortify * }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
  "A " #2
    "An " #3
      "The " #4 t chop.word
    chop.word
  chop.word
  sortify
  #1 global.max$ substring$
}

FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
	{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
	  ""
	}
	{ key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
	{ key empty$
	    { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
	      ""
	    }
	    { key sortify }
	  if$
	}
	{ editor sort.format.names }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
{ author empty$
    { organization empty$
	{ key empty$
	    { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
	      ""
	    }
	    { key sortify }
	  if$
	}
	{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { organization empty$
	{ key empty$
	    { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
	      ""
	    }
	    { key sortify }
	  if$
	}
	{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {presort}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.sort
    { type$ "proceedings" =
	'editor.organization.sort
	{ type$ "manual" =
	    'author.organization.sort
	    'author.sort
	  if$
	}
      if$
    }
  if$
  "    "
  *
  year field.or.null sortify
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}

ITERATE {presort}

SORT

STRINGS { longest.label }

INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }

FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label :=
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}

FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
  label width$ longest.label.width >
    { label 'longest.label :=
      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
}

EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}

ITERATE {longest.label.pass}

FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" * write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {begin.bib}

EXECUTE {init.state.consts}

EXECUTE {init.last.authors}

ITERATE {call.type$}

FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {end.bib}